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Drinking water supply and sanitation in India continue to be inadequate, despite longstanding efforts by the various levels of government and communities at improving coverage. The level of investment in water and sanitation, albeit low by international standards, has increased in size during the 2000s. Access has also increased significantly. For example, in 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1% and reached 21% in 2008.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Planning Commission of India ), p. 78〕 Also, the share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.〔 At the same time, local government institutions in charge of operating and maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, only two Indian cities have continuous water supply and according to an estimate from 2008 about 69% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.〔(State of Urban Services in India's Cities: Spending and Financing )〕 A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, community-led total sanitation, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of microcredits for water supply and sanitation in order to improve access to water and sanitation. == Access == In 2008, 88% of the population in India had access to an improved water source, but only 31% had access to improved sanitation. In rural areas, where 72% of India’s population lives, the respective shares are 84% for water and only 21% for sanitation. In urban areas, 96% had access to an improved water source and 54% to improved sanitation. Access has improved substantially since 1990 when it was estimated to stand at 72% for water and 18% for sanitation.〔UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey, the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010.〕 In 2010, the UN estimated based on Indian statistics that 626 million people practice open defecation.〔UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:(JMP tables ), retrieved on 28 June 2012〕 In June 2012 Minister of Rural Development Jairam Ramesh stated India is the world's largest "open air toilet". He also remarked that Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan have better sanitation records.〔The Telegraph:(India the world's largest open air toilet ), 25 June 2012, retrieved on 28 June 2012. According to JMP data for 2010 the share of people defecating in the open was 64% in Nepal, 63% in India, 37% in Pakistan, 29% in Afghanistan and 20% in Bangladesh. According to these figures, the statement by Jairam Ramesh is correct except for Nepal.〕 According to Indian norms, access to improved water supply exists if at least 40 liters/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided within a distance of 1.6 km or 100 meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250 persons. In urban areas, those that do not receive water from the piped network often have to purhchase expensive water of dubious quality from private water vendors. For example, in Delhi water trucks get water from illegal wells on the banks of the Yamuna River for 0.75 rupees per gallon (about USD 2.70/m3). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water supply and sanitation in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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